PEOPLE KNEW FOR a long time that there was something odd about the earth beneathManson, Iowa. In 1912, a man drilling a well for the town water supply reported bringing up alot of strangely deformed rock—“crystalline clast breccia with a melt matrix” and “overturnedejecta flap,” as it was later described in an official report. The water was odd too. It wasalmost as soft as rainwater. Naturally occurring soft water had never been found in Iowabefore.

Though Manson’s strange rocks and silken waters were matters of curiosity, forty-oneyears would pass before a team from the University of Iowa got around to making a trip to thecommunity, then as now a town of about two thousand people in the northwest part of thestate. In 1953, after sinking a series of experimental bores, university geologists agreed thatthe site was indeed anomalous and attributed the deformed rocks to some ancient, unspecifiedvolcanic action. This was in keeping with the wisdom of the day, but it was also about aswrong as a geological conclusion can get.

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