首先,就「竞争」是否可提升「效率」论之,借用Krugman针对1993年六月欧体理事会主席(President of the EC Commission)Jacques Delors于Copenhagen之欧体领袖会议所指出的,欧洲各国失业问题的肇因在于对美、日缺乏竞争力(a lack of competitiveness)之诊断的评论: ”is a hypothesis, not a necessary truth; and as a practical, empirical matter, that hypothesis is flatly wrong.”(Krugman, 1994, p. 30);故即使就所谓的国家竞争力而言,Krugman明白的指出:
“…., the obsession with competitiveness is not only wrong but dangerous, skewing domestic policies and threatening the international economic system.”
“Competitiveness is a meaningless word when applied to national economies. And the obsession with competitiveness is both wrong and dangerous.” ( Krugman, 1994, p. 30, p. 44)
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